The
most popular structured investment known to the common investor is the bank of
Ghana Treasury bill. Perhaps because of its near zero risk feature. However,
some other options exist such as the mutual funds and shares/stocks. All other
investment options are mostly a variation of the three above and a typical
example is the fixed deposit which takes after the T-bill.
In
other jurisdictions, several more options are available with varying degrees of
risk. Examples include bonds, hedge funds, derivatives etc. several variations
of the above options exist and this largely depends on the investors risk
level.
This
piece however is to explore how we can add another investment option to the
existing few, thus the Hedge Fund.
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As
implied by the name, a hedge fund is supposed to hedge against a particular
risk. Thus, its purpose is to maximize investor returns and eliminate risk
regardless of the whether the market is bullish or bearish.
Wikipedia
defines a hedge fund as “at its most basic, a hedge fund is an investment
vehicle that pools capital from a number of investors and invests in securities
and other instruments” It is similar to mutual funds in many ways but is
operationally different.
The
following is worth noting about Hedge Funds:
1. Hedge fund managers usually target high
net worth individuals. Thus to invest in them, one has to meet certain net
worth requirements making this type of investment only for the rich and wealthy.
2. Unlike mutual funds that are limited by
regulations as to where and what to invest in (which are mostly shares, money
market and bonds) a hedge fund's investment portfolio is limited only by its
own policy. It can basically invest in anything anywhere - land, real estate,
stocks, derivatives, currencies anywhere in the world
3. Hedge funds have evolved from their
traditional risk reduction to investor return maximization and therefore employ
very sophisticated and sometimes aggressive investment and portfolio management
strategies in order to achieve this objective. Their strategies are mostly
speculative in nature and as they aim to always be ahead of the market. This
activity increases their risk exposure in the market.
4. Unlike mutual funds that rely exclusively
on funds contributed by shareholders of the fund, a hedge fund may borrow funds
to invest. This investment technique is
called leveraging or gearing and it could significantly increase return
potential of the fund but also cause a greater risk of loss.
5. Mutual fund managers are paid fees
regardless of their funds’ performance. Hedge fund managers however receive a
percentage of the returns they are able to generate for investors in addition
to a fund management fee.
Hedge
funds are known to have the ability to raise billions of dollars and are very
efficient at investing. They return very high proceeds to investors and have
become very popular in developed countries. Because they are not limited by
geographical location, they are able to take advantage of financial markets all
over the world.
Hedge fund industry has grown
tremendously in the last decade from $625 billion in assets under management in
2002 to an industry record of $2.01 trillion in the closing months of 2011.
This growth has been fueled mainly by investors who seek to diversify and
manage their risk while ensuring that their returns are reliable overtime and
Institutional investors have had the most impact for obvious reasons.
Indeed,
institutions like SSNIT, insurance companies, investment firms, banks, and
certain government intuitions will be key in the embellishment of a hedge fund
in Ghana. The nature of the Ghanaian financial market and the of the entire sub
region for that matter may require that most of the greater percentage of the
hedge fund portfolio be done in highly developed markets like the US, Europe
and Asia.
Courtesy:
Abekah-Brown Abdallah K
